Anticoagulación en pacientes con fibrilación auricular y angiopatía amiloide Revisión de un tema complejo en base a la evidencia científica
Palabras clave:
angiopatía amiloide cerebral, fibrilación auricular, anticoagulación, hemorragia intracerebral, trombosisResumen
El riesgo de accidente cerebrovascular isquémico en la fibrilación auricular se puede cuantificar mediante la escala CHA2DS2-VASc. Los pacientes considerados de alto riesgo por la escala CHA2DS2-VASC deben ser anticoagulados, sin embargo, la angiopatía amiloide cerebral aumenta el riesgo de hemorragia intracraneal. Esta revisión tiene como objetivo destacar el tratamiento actual de los pacientes con angiopatía amiloide cerebral y fibrilación auricular. Los biomarcadores de sangrado para angiopatía amiloide cerebral incluyen las microhemorragias corticales, siderosis superficial cortical, la hemorragia subaracnoidea convexa, hemorragia intracerebral profunda y la hemorragia lobar. La evidencia científica señala que la hemorragia intracerebral profunda tiene una tasa de recurrencia anual del 8.9% y para hemorragia lobar anual es mayor al 19%. Las microhemorragias corticales aumentan el riesgo de hemorragia intracerebral profunda y lobar con la prescripción de anticoagulantes orales y este efecto es dosis dependiente. En pacientes con fibrilación auricular, los anticoagulantes deben evitarse en presencia de angiopatía cerebral amiloide y características predominantes de riesgo de sangrado tales como siderosis superficial cortical o hemorragia intracerebral profunda. Un ensayo controlado aleatorizado que compare anticoagulantes orales con un dispositivo para el cierre de la orejuela izquierda ayudaría a resolver este dilema trombosis-sangrado en este grupo de pacientes.
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