La Cow´s milk and its implications in the transmission of infectious diseases
Keywords:
food-borne diseases, cow’s milk, bacteriology and public healthAbstract
Food industry is responsible for the largest trade in the world. Human and animal health regulators agencies are in charge for ensuring an important part of public health, motivated that food from animal origin, constitute a potential risk of infections and toxic-infections, and they are an excellent vehicle for microorganisms causing diseases in humans and animals. Food-borne diseases are a daily cause of a significant percentage of morbidity and mortality worldwide. At least 200 microorganisms such as enterobacteria and some bacteria with zoonotic potential, generate greater challenges to food industry. The epidemiology of these diseases is changing, with new pathogens spreading rapidly around the world. Many of these microorganisms have reservoirs in apparently healthy animals, making difficult to detect them and making the problem more far-reaching. Cow's milk is one of the most important vehicle of transmission for this type of disease in the world with many microorganisms involved, some causing diseases in animals but others being normal digestive or mammary flora in animals. Many studies have been done to describe pathogens associated with food-borne diseases and zoonoses, most of them standardized under the critical control point system. Therefore, it is important to make an approach to these studies and the methodologies described for control of food-borne diseases, with an emphasis on milk production.
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References
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Akhtar, S., Sarker, M. and Hossain, A. (2014). Microbiological food safety: a dilemma of developing societies. Critical reviews in microbiology, 40(4), 348-359.
Angulo, F.J., Lejeune, J.T., and Rajala-Schultz, P.J. (2009). Unpasteurized milk: a continued public health threat. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 48(1), 93-100.
Aranguren Parra, A.J., López, A.A., Mendoza, C.A., and Ortega Rivas, E. (2009). Effect of clinic and subclinic mastitis on the plasmatic concentration of metabolites, total protein, and albumen in bovine females. Zootecnia Tropical, 27(1), 57-63.
Asao, T., Kumeda, Y., Kawai, T., Shibata, T., Oda, H., Haruki, K., y Kozaki, S. (2003). An extensive outbreak of staphylococcal food poisoning due to low-fat milk in Japan: estimation of enterotoxin A in the incriminated milk and powdered skim milk. Epidemiology and infection, 130(01), 33-40.
Carvajal, A., y Oletta, J. (2010). Noticias Epidemiológicas. No.19. Caracas, Venezuela: Red de Sociedades Científicas Médicas de Venezuela.
Claeys, W. L., Verraes, C., Cardoen, S., De Bock, J., Huyghebaert, A., Raes, K., and Herman, L. (2014). Consumption of raw or heated milk from different species: An evaluation of the nutritional and potential health benefits. Food Control, 42, 188-201.
COVENIN. (Comisión Venezolana de Normas Industriales) (1993). Leche Cruda. Norma Venezolana 903. Caracas: Covenin.
COVENIN. (Comisión Venezolana de Normas Industriales) (2003). Queso de pasta hilada. Norma Venezolana 3822. Caracas: Covenin.
Davidson, R., Sprung, D., Park, C., Rayman, M. (1989). Occurrence of Listeria monocytogenes, Campylobacter spp. and Yersinia enterocolitica in Manitoba raw milk. Canadian Institute of Food Science and Technology Journal, 22(1), 70-74.
Donkor, E.S., Aning, K.G., y Guaye, J. (2007). Bacterial contaminations of informally marketed raw milk in Ghana. Ghana Medical Journal, 41(2): 58-61.
Doyle, M.P. and Roman, D.J. (1982) Prevalence and survival of Campylobacter jejuni in unpasteurized milk. Applied and environmental microbiology; 44(5):1154-1158.
Faría-Reyes, J., Valero-Leal, K., D Pool, G., Urdaneta, G., y Cagnasso, M. (2005). Sensibilidad a los agentes antimicrobianos de algunos patógenos mastitogénicos aislados de leche de cuartos de bovinos mestizos doble propósito. Revista Científica, Vol. XV (3): 227-234.
Farrokh, C., Jordan, K., Auvray, F., Glass, K., Oppegaard, H., Raynaud, S. and Heggum, K. (2013). Review of Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and their significance in dairy production. International journal of food microbiology, 162(2), 190-212.
Fedio, W. and Jackson, H. (1990). Incidence of Listeria monocytogenes in raw bulk milk in Alberta. Canadian Institute of Food Science and Technology Journal, 23(4), 236-238.
Fernandes, A.M., Balasegaram, S., Willis, C., Wimalarathna, H.M., Maiden, M.C., and Mc Carthy, N.D. (2015). Partial failure of milk pasteurization as a risk for the transmission of Campylobacter from cattle to humans. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 61(6): 903-909.
Friedman, C. R; Neimann, J.; Wegener, H.C., Tauxe, R.V. (2000). Epidemiology of Campylobacter jejuni infections in the United States and other industrialized nations. Campylobacter. (2nd Ed. Vol. II/6, pp. 121-138). Washington, USA: ASM International.
Garedew, L., Berhanu, A., Mengesha, D., and Tsegay, G. (2012). Identification of gram-negative bacteria from critical control points of raw and pasteurized cow milk consumed at Gondar town and its suburbs, Ethiopia. BMC Public Health, 12(1), 950-957.
Gudmundson, J. y Chirino‐Trejo, J. M. (1993). A case of bovine mastitis caused by Campylobacter jejuni. Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Series B, 40(1‐10), 326-328.
Hassan, L., Mohammed, H., Mc Donough, P.and Gonzalez, R. (2000). A cross-sectional study on the prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella in New York dairy herds. Journal of dairy science, 83(11), 2441-2447.
Jayarao, B.M., and Henning, D.R. (2001). Prevalence of foodborne pathogens in bulk tank milk. Journal of Dairy Science, 84(10), 2157-2162.
Keyword SEO tools and images suggestions (2017). Image Gallery: La Leche. Recuperado de: http://keywordsuggest.org/gallery/1276279.html
Lovett, J., Francis, D. W., and Hunt, J M. (1983). Isolation of Campylobacter jejuni from raw milk. Applied and environmental microbiology, 46(2), 459-462.
Lovett J., Francis D. W. and Hunt J. M. (1987) Listeria monocytogenes in raw milk: detection, incidence, and pathogenicity. J Food Prot; 50: 188-192.
Luigi, T., Rojas, L., y Valbuena, O. (2013). Evaluación de la calidad higiénico-sanitaria de leche cruda y pasteurizada expendida en el estado Carabobo, Venezuela. Salus, 17(1), 25-33.
Mahrous, H., El Attar, A., Sameh, A., and El Soda, M. (2014). The Milk Borne Pathogens of Raw Milk from Some Egyptian Farms in Different Seasons. British Microbiology Research Journal, 4(3), 317.
Mc Ewen, S., Martin, S., Clarke, R., and Tamblyn, E. (1988). A prevalence survey of Salmonella in raw milk in Ontario, 1986-87. Journal of Food Protection, 51(12), 963-970.
Mc Manus, C y Lanier, J. M. (1987). Salmonella, Campylobacter jejuni, and Yersinia enterocolitica in raw milk. Journal of Food Protection, 50(1), 51-55.
Magariños, H. (2000). Producción higiénica de la leche cruda. Guatemala: Producción y Servicios Incorporados S.A, pp 1-95.
Murinda, S., Nguyen, L., Ivey, S., Gillespie, B., Almeida, R., Draughon, F., and Oliver, S. (2002). Molecular characterization of Salmonella spp. isolated from bulk tank milk and cull dairy cow fecal samples. Journal of food protection, 65(7), 1100-1105.
Muraoka, W., Gay, C., Knowles, D., and Borucki, M. (2003). Prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes subtypes in bulk milk of the Pacific Northwest. Journal of food protection, 66(8), 1413-1419.
Oliver, S.P., Jayarao, B.M., and Almeida, R.A. (2005a). Foodborne pathogens in milk and the dairy farm environment: food safety and public health implications. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 2(2), 115-129.
Oliver, S.P., Jayarao, B.M., y Almeida, R.A. (2005b). Foodborne pathogens, mastitis, milk quality, and dairy food safety. In NMC Annual Meeting Proceedings, 3-27.
Ombui, J.N., Arimi, S.M., and Kayihura, M. (1992). Raw milk as a source of enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus and enterotoxins in consumer milk. East African Medical Journal, 69(3), 123-125.
Orr, K.E., Lightfoot, N.F., Sisson, P.R., Harkis, B.A., Tweddle, J.L., Boyd, P., and Freeman, R. (1995). Direct milk excretion of Campylobacter jejuni in a dairy cow causing cases of human enteritis. Epidemiology and infection, 114(01), 15-24.
Paton, A.W., y Paton, J.C. (1998). Detection and Characterization of Shiga Toxigenic Escherichia coli by Using Multiplex PCR Assays forstx 1, stx 2, eae A, Enterohemorrhagic E. coli hlyA, rfb O111, andrfb O157. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 36(2), 598-602.
Ramos, J.G. (2012). Recuento de Staphylococcus aureus y detección de enterotoxinas estafilocócicas en queso blanco venezolano artesanal tipo “telita” expendido en mercados de la ciudad de Caracas. Revista de la Sociedad Venezolana de Microbiología, 32(2), 112-115.
Rohrbach, R.W., Draughon F.A., Davidson P.M., and Oliver, S.P. (1992). Prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes, Campylobacter jejuni, Yersinia enterocolitica and Salmonella in bulk tank milk: risk factors and risk of human exposure. J. Food Prot. 55:93–97.
Steele, M., Mc Nab, W., Poppe, C., Griffiths, M., Chen, S., Degrandis, S., y Odumeru, J. A. (1997). Survey of Ontario bulk tank raw milk for food-borne pathogens. Journal of Food Protection, 60(11), 1341-1346.
Van Kessel, J. S., Karns, J. S., Gorski, L., Mc Cluskey, B. J., and Perdue, M. L. (2004). Prevalence of Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, and fecal coliforms in bulk tank milk on US dairies. Journal of Dairy Science, 87(9), 2822-2830.
Vilar, M. J., Rodríguez-Otero, J. L., Sanjuán, M. L., Diéguez, F. J., Varela, M., Yus, E., and Schobesberger, H. (2011). Implementation of HACCP in dairy cattle farms to control the milk quality. In J. Köfer and HSchobesberger (Ed.) Animal hygiene and sustainable livestock production. Proceedings of the XVth International Congress of the International Society for Animal Hygiene, Volume 3. (pp. 1385-1387). Tribun EU.
Waak, E., Tham, W., and Danielsson-Tham, M. (2002). Prevalence and fingerprinting of Listeria monocytogenes strains isolated from raw whole milk in farm bulk tanks and in dairy plant receiving tanks. Applied and environmental microbiology, 68(7), 3366-3370.
Warnick, L.D., Crofton, L.M., Pelzer, K.D., and Hawkins, M.J. (2001). Risk factors for clinical salmonellosis in Virginia, USA cattle herds. PreventiveVeterinary Medicine, 49(3), 259-275.
White, F.M., and Mc Carthy, M.E. (1982). Raw milk and health in humans. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 126(11), 1260.
Zeinhom, M.M., and Abdel-Latef, G.K. (2014). Public health risk of some milk borne pathogens. Beni-Suef University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 3(3), 209-215.
Akhtar, S., Sarker, M. and Hossain, A. (2014). Microbiological food safety: a dilemma of developing societies. Critical reviews in microbiology, 40(4), 348-359.
Angulo, F.J., Lejeune, J.T., and Rajala-Schultz, P.J. (2009). Unpasteurized milk: a continued public health threat. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 48(1), 93-100.
Aranguren Parra, A.J., López, A.A., Mendoza, C.A., and Ortega Rivas, E. (2009). Effect of clinic and subclinic mastitis on the plasmatic concentration of metabolites, total protein, and albumen in bovine females. Zootecnia Tropical, 27(1), 57-63.
Asao, T., Kumeda, Y., Kawai, T., Shibata, T., Oda, H., Haruki, K., y Kozaki, S. (2003). An extensive outbreak of staphylococcal food poisoning due to low-fat milk in Japan: estimation of enterotoxin A in the incriminated milk and powdered skim milk. Epidemiology and infection, 130(01), 33-40.
Carvajal, A., y Oletta, J. (2010). Noticias Epidemiológicas. No.19. Caracas, Venezuela: Red de Sociedades Científicas Médicas de Venezuela.
Claeys, W. L., Verraes, C., Cardoen, S., De Bock, J., Huyghebaert, A., Raes, K., and Herman, L. (2014). Consumption of raw or heated milk from different species: An evaluation of the nutritional and potential health benefits. Food Control, 42, 188-201.
COVENIN. (Comisión Venezolana de Normas Industriales) (1993). Leche Cruda. Norma Venezolana 903. Caracas: Covenin.
COVENIN. (Comisión Venezolana de Normas Industriales) (2003). Queso de pasta hilada. Norma Venezolana 3822. Caracas: Covenin.
Davidson, R., Sprung, D., Park, C., Rayman, M. (1989). Occurrence of Listeria monocytogenes, Campylobacter spp. and Yersinia enterocolitica in Manitoba raw milk. Canadian Institute of Food Science and Technology Journal, 22(1), 70-74.
Donkor, E.S., Aning, K.G., y Guaye, J. (2007). Bacterial contaminations of informally marketed raw milk in Ghana. Ghana Medical Journal, 41(2): 58-61.
Doyle, M.P. and Roman, D.J. (1982) Prevalence and survival of Campylobacter jejuni in unpasteurized milk. Applied and environmental microbiology; 44(5):1154-1158.
Faría-Reyes, J., Valero-Leal, K., D Pool, G., Urdaneta, G., y Cagnasso, M. (2005). Sensibilidad a los agentes antimicrobianos de algunos patógenos mastitogénicos aislados de leche de cuartos de bovinos mestizos doble propósito. Revista Científica, Vol. XV (3): 227-234.
Farrokh, C., Jordan, K., Auvray, F., Glass, K., Oppegaard, H., Raynaud, S. and Heggum, K. (2013). Review of Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and their significance in dairy production. International journal of food microbiology, 162(2), 190-212.
Fedio, W. and Jackson, H. (1990). Incidence of Listeria monocytogenes in raw bulk milk in Alberta. Canadian Institute of Food Science and Technology Journal, 23(4), 236-238.
Fernandes, A.M., Balasegaram, S., Willis, C., Wimalarathna, H.M., Maiden, M.C., and Mc Carthy, N.D. (2015). Partial failure of milk pasteurization as a risk for the transmission of Campylobacter from cattle to humans. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 61(6): 903-909.
Friedman, C. R; Neimann, J.; Wegener, H.C., Tauxe, R.V. (2000). Epidemiology of Campylobacter jejuni infections in the United States and other industrialized nations. Campylobacter. (2nd Ed. Vol. II/6, pp. 121-138). Washington, USA: ASM International.
Garedew, L., Berhanu, A., Mengesha, D., and Tsegay, G. (2012). Identification of gram-negative bacteria from critical control points of raw and pasteurized cow milk consumed at Gondar town and its suburbs, Ethiopia. BMC Public Health, 12(1), 950-957.
Gudmundson, J. y Chirino‐Trejo, J. M. (1993). A case of bovine mastitis caused by Campylobacter jejuni. Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Series B, 40(1‐10), 326-328.
Hassan, L., Mohammed, H., Mc Donough, P.and Gonzalez, R. (2000). A cross-sectional study on the prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella in New York dairy herds. Journal of dairy science, 83(11), 2441-2447.
Jayarao, B.M., and Henning, D.R. (2001). Prevalence of foodborne pathogens in bulk tank milk. Journal of Dairy Science, 84(10), 2157-2162.
Keyword SEO tools and images suggestions (2017). Image Gallery: La Leche. Recuperado de: http://keywordsuggest.org/gallery/1276279.html
Lovett, J., Francis, D. W., and Hunt, J M. (1983). Isolation of Campylobacter jejuni from raw milk. Applied and environmental microbiology, 46(2), 459-462.
Lovett J., Francis D. W. and Hunt J. M. (1987) Listeria monocytogenes in raw milk: detection, incidence, and pathogenicity. J Food Prot; 50: 188-192.
Luigi, T., Rojas, L., y Valbuena, O. (2013). Evaluación de la calidad higiénico-sanitaria de leche cruda y pasteurizada expendida en el estado Carabobo, Venezuela. Salus, 17(1), 25-33.
Mahrous, H., El Attar, A., Sameh, A., and El Soda, M. (2014). The Milk Borne Pathogens of Raw Milk from Some Egyptian Farms in Different Seasons. British Microbiology Research Journal, 4(3), 317.
Mc Ewen, S., Martin, S., Clarke, R., and Tamblyn, E. (1988). A prevalence survey of Salmonella in raw milk in Ontario, 1986-87. Journal of Food Protection, 51(12), 963-970.
Mc Manus, C y Lanier, J. M. (1987). Salmonella, Campylobacter jejuni, and Yersinia enterocolitica in raw milk. Journal of Food Protection, 50(1), 51-55.
Magariños, H. (2000). Producción higiénica de la leche cruda. Guatemala: Producción y Servicios Incorporados S.A, pp 1-95.
Murinda, S., Nguyen, L., Ivey, S., Gillespie, B., Almeida, R., Draughon, F., and Oliver, S. (2002). Molecular characterization of Salmonella spp. isolated from bulk tank milk and cull dairy cow fecal samples. Journal of food protection, 65(7), 1100-1105.
Muraoka, W., Gay, C., Knowles, D., and Borucki, M. (2003). Prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes subtypes in bulk milk of the Pacific Northwest. Journal of food protection, 66(8), 1413-1419.
Oliver, S.P., Jayarao, B.M., and Almeida, R.A. (2005a). Foodborne pathogens in milk and the dairy farm environment: food safety and public health implications. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 2(2), 115-129.
Oliver, S.P., Jayarao, B.M., y Almeida, R.A. (2005b). Foodborne pathogens, mastitis, milk quality, and dairy food safety. In NMC Annual Meeting Proceedings, 3-27.
Ombui, J.N., Arimi, S.M., and Kayihura, M. (1992). Raw milk as a source of enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus and enterotoxins in consumer milk. East African Medical Journal, 69(3), 123-125.
Orr, K.E., Lightfoot, N.F., Sisson, P.R., Harkis, B.A., Tweddle, J.L., Boyd, P., and Freeman, R. (1995). Direct milk excretion of Campylobacter jejuni in a dairy cow causing cases of human enteritis. Epidemiology and infection, 114(01), 15-24.
Paton, A.W., y Paton, J.C. (1998). Detection and Characterization of Shiga Toxigenic Escherichia coli by Using Multiplex PCR Assays forstx 1, stx 2, eae A, Enterohemorrhagic E. coli hlyA, rfb O111, andrfb O157. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 36(2), 598-602.
Ramos, J.G. (2012). Recuento de Staphylococcus aureus y detección de enterotoxinas estafilocócicas en queso blanco venezolano artesanal tipo “telita” expendido en mercados de la ciudad de Caracas. Revista de la Sociedad Venezolana de Microbiología, 32(2), 112-115.
Rohrbach, R.W., Draughon F.A., Davidson P.M., and Oliver, S.P. (1992). Prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes, Campylobacter jejuni, Yersinia enterocolitica and Salmonella in bulk tank milk: risk factors and risk of human exposure. J. Food Prot. 55:93–97.
Steele, M., Mc Nab, W., Poppe, C., Griffiths, M., Chen, S., Degrandis, S., y Odumeru, J. A. (1997). Survey of Ontario bulk tank raw milk for food-borne pathogens. Journal of Food Protection, 60(11), 1341-1346.
Van Kessel, J. S., Karns, J. S., Gorski, L., Mc Cluskey, B. J., and Perdue, M. L. (2004). Prevalence of Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, and fecal coliforms in bulk tank milk on US dairies. Journal of Dairy Science, 87(9), 2822-2830.
Vilar, M. J., Rodríguez-Otero, J. L., Sanjuán, M. L., Diéguez, F. J., Varela, M., Yus, E., and Schobesberger, H. (2011). Implementation of HACCP in dairy cattle farms to control the milk quality. In J. Köfer and HSchobesberger (Ed.) Animal hygiene and sustainable livestock production. Proceedings of the XVth International Congress of the International Society for Animal Hygiene, Volume 3. (pp. 1385-1387). Tribun EU.
Waak, E., Tham, W., and Danielsson-Tham, M. (2002). Prevalence and fingerprinting of Listeria monocytogenes strains isolated from raw whole milk in farm bulk tanks and in dairy plant receiving tanks. Applied and environmental microbiology, 68(7), 3366-3370.
Warnick, L.D., Crofton, L.M., Pelzer, K.D., and Hawkins, M.J. (2001). Risk factors for clinical salmonellosis in Virginia, USA cattle herds. PreventiveVeterinary Medicine, 49(3), 259-275.
White, F.M., and Mc Carthy, M.E. (1982). Raw milk and health in humans. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 126(11), 1260.
Zeinhom, M.M., and Abdel-Latef, G.K. (2014). Public health risk of some milk borne pathogens. Beni-Suef University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 3(3), 209-215.
Published
2017-06-01
How to Cite
Rosales-Zambrano, D., & Garcia-Lugo, P. (2017). La Cow´s milk and its implications in the transmission of infectious diseases. Ágora De Heterodoxias, 3(1), 132-153. Retrieved from https://revistas.uclave.org/index.php/agora/article/view/197
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