La O leite de vaca e suas implicações na transmissão de doenças infecciosas
Palavras-chave:
ETA, leite de vaca, bacteriología, saúde públicaResumo
A indústria de alimentos é responsável do maior intercâmbio comercial no mundo. Os entes reguladores de saúde humana e animal em conjunto, são os encarregados de garantir parte importante de saúde pública, já que os alimentos de origem animal podem constituir um risco potencial de infecções e toxi-infecções, ao ser um transportador de microrganismos, que causam doenças em humanos e animais. As doenças de transmissão alimentar (ETA) são causantes a diário de uma importante percentagem de morbi-mortalidade no mundo. Conhecem-se ao menos 200 microrganismos implicados, sendo as enterobactérias e algumas bactérias com potencial zoonótico, as que geram maiores desafios a esta indústria. A epidemiologia destas doenças é cambiante, com patógenos novos que se diseminan rapidamente no mundo. Muitos destes microorganismos têm como reservorios os animais de produção aparentemente saudáveis, o que dificulta sua detecção e faz que o problema tenha um maior alcance. O leite de vaca é um dos veículos mais importantes de transmissão deste tipo de doenças no mundo, com muitos microorganismos implicados, alguns causam doença nos animais, mas outras actuando como flora normal digestiva ou mamaria nos animais. Muitos têm sido os estudos para descrever patógenos associados à ETA e zoonose, padronizados em sua maioria baixo o sistema de pontos críticos de controle. Portanto, é importante fazer uma abordagem de alguns destes estudos e as metodologias descritas para o controle de doenças associadas aos alimentos, com ênfase na produção láctea.
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Referências
Adesiyun, A.A. (1994). Bacteriological quality and associated public health risk of pre-processed bovine milk in Trinidad. International journal of food microbiology, 21(3), 253-261.
Akhtar, S., Sarker, M. and Hossain, A. (2014). Microbiological food safety: a dilemma of developing societies. Critical reviews in microbiology, 40(4), 348-359.
Angulo, F.J., Lejeune, J.T., and Rajala-Schultz, P.J. (2009). Unpasteurized milk: a continued public health threat. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 48(1), 93-100.
Aranguren Parra, A.J., López, A.A., Mendoza, C.A., and Ortega Rivas, E. (2009). Effect of clinic and subclinic mastitis on the plasmatic concentration of metabolites, total protein, and albumen in bovine females. Zootecnia Tropical, 27(1), 57-63.
Asao, T., Kumeda, Y., Kawai, T., Shibata, T., Oda, H., Haruki, K., y Kozaki, S. (2003). An extensive outbreak of staphylococcal food poisoning due to low-fat milk in Japan: estimation of enterotoxin A in the incriminated milk and powdered skim milk. Epidemiology and infection, 130(01), 33-40.
Carvajal, A., y Oletta, J. (2010). Noticias Epidemiológicas. No.19. Caracas, Venezuela: Red de Sociedades Científicas Médicas de Venezuela.
Claeys, W. L., Verraes, C., Cardoen, S., De Bock, J., Huyghebaert, A., Raes, K., and Herman, L. (2014). Consumption of raw or heated milk from different species: An evaluation of the nutritional and potential health benefits. Food Control, 42, 188-201.
COVENIN. (Comisión Venezolana de Normas Industriales) (1993). Leche Cruda. Norma Venezolana 903. Caracas: Covenin.
COVENIN. (Comisión Venezolana de Normas Industriales) (2003). Queso de pasta hilada. Norma Venezolana 3822. Caracas: Covenin.
Davidson, R., Sprung, D., Park, C., Rayman, M. (1989). Occurrence of Listeria monocytogenes, Campylobacter spp. and Yersinia enterocolitica in Manitoba raw milk. Canadian Institute of Food Science and Technology Journal, 22(1), 70-74.
Donkor, E.S., Aning, K.G., y Guaye, J. (2007). Bacterial contaminations of informally marketed raw milk in Ghana. Ghana Medical Journal, 41(2): 58-61.
Doyle, M.P. and Roman, D.J. (1982) Prevalence and survival of Campylobacter jejuni in unpasteurized milk. Applied and environmental microbiology; 44(5):1154-1158.
Faría-Reyes, J., Valero-Leal, K., D Pool, G., Urdaneta, G., y Cagnasso, M. (2005). Sensibilidad a los agentes antimicrobianos de algunos patógenos mastitogénicos aislados de leche de cuartos de bovinos mestizos doble propósito. Revista Científica, Vol. XV (3): 227-234.
Farrokh, C., Jordan, K., Auvray, F., Glass, K., Oppegaard, H., Raynaud, S. and Heggum, K. (2013). Review of Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and their significance in dairy production. International journal of food microbiology, 162(2), 190-212.
Fedio, W. and Jackson, H. (1990). Incidence of Listeria monocytogenes in raw bulk milk in Alberta. Canadian Institute of Food Science and Technology Journal, 23(4), 236-238.
Fernandes, A.M., Balasegaram, S., Willis, C., Wimalarathna, H.M., Maiden, M.C., and Mc Carthy, N.D. (2015). Partial failure of milk pasteurization as a risk for the transmission of Campylobacter from cattle to humans. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 61(6): 903-909.
Friedman, C. R; Neimann, J.; Wegener, H.C., Tauxe, R.V. (2000). Epidemiology of Campylobacter jejuni infections in the United States and other industrialized nations. Campylobacter. (2nd Ed. Vol. II/6, pp. 121-138). Washington, USA: ASM International.
Garedew, L., Berhanu, A., Mengesha, D., and Tsegay, G. (2012). Identification of gram-negative bacteria from critical control points of raw and pasteurized cow milk consumed at Gondar town and its suburbs, Ethiopia. BMC Public Health, 12(1), 950-957.
Gudmundson, J. y Chirino‐Trejo, J. M. (1993). A case of bovine mastitis caused by Campylobacter jejuni. Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Series B, 40(1‐10), 326-328.
Hassan, L., Mohammed, H., Mc Donough, P.and Gonzalez, R. (2000). A cross-sectional study on the prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella in New York dairy herds. Journal of dairy science, 83(11), 2441-2447.
Jayarao, B.M., and Henning, D.R. (2001). Prevalence of foodborne pathogens in bulk tank milk. Journal of Dairy Science, 84(10), 2157-2162.
Keyword SEO tools and images suggestions (2017). Image Gallery: La Leche. Recuperado de: http://keywordsuggest.org/gallery/1276279.html
Lovett, J., Francis, D. W., and Hunt, J M. (1983). Isolation of Campylobacter jejuni from raw milk. Applied and environmental microbiology, 46(2), 459-462.
Lovett J., Francis D. W. and Hunt J. M. (1987) Listeria monocytogenes in raw milk: detection, incidence, and pathogenicity. J Food Prot; 50: 188-192.
Luigi, T., Rojas, L., y Valbuena, O. (2013). Evaluación de la calidad higiénico-sanitaria de leche cruda y pasteurizada expendida en el estado Carabobo, Venezuela. Salus, 17(1), 25-33.
Mahrous, H., El Attar, A., Sameh, A., and El Soda, M. (2014). The Milk Borne Pathogens of Raw Milk from Some Egyptian Farms in Different Seasons. British Microbiology Research Journal, 4(3), 317.
Mc Ewen, S., Martin, S., Clarke, R., and Tamblyn, E. (1988). A prevalence survey of Salmonella in raw milk in Ontario, 1986-87. Journal of Food Protection, 51(12), 963-970.
Mc Manus, C y Lanier, J. M. (1987). Salmonella, Campylobacter jejuni, and Yersinia enterocolitica in raw milk. Journal of Food Protection, 50(1), 51-55.
Magariños, H. (2000). Producción higiénica de la leche cruda. Guatemala: Producción y Servicios Incorporados S.A, pp 1-95.
Murinda, S., Nguyen, L., Ivey, S., Gillespie, B., Almeida, R., Draughon, F., and Oliver, S. (2002). Molecular characterization of Salmonella spp. isolated from bulk tank milk and cull dairy cow fecal samples. Journal of food protection, 65(7), 1100-1105.
Muraoka, W., Gay, C., Knowles, D., and Borucki, M. (2003). Prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes subtypes in bulk milk of the Pacific Northwest. Journal of food protection, 66(8), 1413-1419.
Oliver, S.P., Jayarao, B.M., and Almeida, R.A. (2005a). Foodborne pathogens in milk and the dairy farm environment: food safety and public health implications. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 2(2), 115-129.
Oliver, S.P., Jayarao, B.M., y Almeida, R.A. (2005b). Foodborne pathogens, mastitis, milk quality, and dairy food safety. In NMC Annual Meeting Proceedings, 3-27.
Ombui, J.N., Arimi, S.M., and Kayihura, M. (1992). Raw milk as a source of enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus and enterotoxins in consumer milk. East African Medical Journal, 69(3), 123-125.
Orr, K.E., Lightfoot, N.F., Sisson, P.R., Harkis, B.A., Tweddle, J.L., Boyd, P., and Freeman, R. (1995). Direct milk excretion of Campylobacter jejuni in a dairy cow causing cases of human enteritis. Epidemiology and infection, 114(01), 15-24.
Paton, A.W., y Paton, J.C. (1998). Detection and Characterization of Shiga Toxigenic Escherichia coli by Using Multiplex PCR Assays forstx 1, stx 2, eae A, Enterohemorrhagic E. coli hlyA, rfb O111, andrfb O157. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 36(2), 598-602.
Ramos, J.G. (2012). Recuento de Staphylococcus aureus y detección de enterotoxinas estafilocócicas en queso blanco venezolano artesanal tipo “telita” expendido en mercados de la ciudad de Caracas. Revista de la Sociedad Venezolana de Microbiología, 32(2), 112-115.
Rohrbach, R.W., Draughon F.A., Davidson P.M., and Oliver, S.P. (1992). Prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes, Campylobacter jejuni, Yersinia enterocolitica and Salmonella in bulk tank milk: risk factors and risk of human exposure. J. Food Prot. 55:93–97.
Steele, M., Mc Nab, W., Poppe, C., Griffiths, M., Chen, S., Degrandis, S., y Odumeru, J. A. (1997). Survey of Ontario bulk tank raw milk for food-borne pathogens. Journal of Food Protection, 60(11), 1341-1346.
Van Kessel, J. S., Karns, J. S., Gorski, L., Mc Cluskey, B. J., and Perdue, M. L. (2004). Prevalence of Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, and fecal coliforms in bulk tank milk on US dairies. Journal of Dairy Science, 87(9), 2822-2830.
Vilar, M. J., Rodríguez-Otero, J. L., Sanjuán, M. L., Diéguez, F. J., Varela, M., Yus, E., and Schobesberger, H. (2011). Implementation of HACCP in dairy cattle farms to control the milk quality. In J. Köfer and HSchobesberger (Ed.) Animal hygiene and sustainable livestock production. Proceedings of the XVth International Congress of the International Society for Animal Hygiene, Volume 3. (pp. 1385-1387). Tribun EU.
Waak, E., Tham, W., and Danielsson-Tham, M. (2002). Prevalence and fingerprinting of Listeria monocytogenes strains isolated from raw whole milk in farm bulk tanks and in dairy plant receiving tanks. Applied and environmental microbiology, 68(7), 3366-3370.
Warnick, L.D., Crofton, L.M., Pelzer, K.D., and Hawkins, M.J. (2001). Risk factors for clinical salmonellosis in Virginia, USA cattle herds. PreventiveVeterinary Medicine, 49(3), 259-275.
White, F.M., and Mc Carthy, M.E. (1982). Raw milk and health in humans. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 126(11), 1260.
Zeinhom, M.M., and Abdel-Latef, G.K. (2014). Public health risk of some milk borne pathogens. Beni-Suef University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 3(3), 209-215.
Akhtar, S., Sarker, M. and Hossain, A. (2014). Microbiological food safety: a dilemma of developing societies. Critical reviews in microbiology, 40(4), 348-359.
Angulo, F.J., Lejeune, J.T., and Rajala-Schultz, P.J. (2009). Unpasteurized milk: a continued public health threat. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 48(1), 93-100.
Aranguren Parra, A.J., López, A.A., Mendoza, C.A., and Ortega Rivas, E. (2009). Effect of clinic and subclinic mastitis on the plasmatic concentration of metabolites, total protein, and albumen in bovine females. Zootecnia Tropical, 27(1), 57-63.
Asao, T., Kumeda, Y., Kawai, T., Shibata, T., Oda, H., Haruki, K., y Kozaki, S. (2003). An extensive outbreak of staphylococcal food poisoning due to low-fat milk in Japan: estimation of enterotoxin A in the incriminated milk and powdered skim milk. Epidemiology and infection, 130(01), 33-40.
Carvajal, A., y Oletta, J. (2010). Noticias Epidemiológicas. No.19. Caracas, Venezuela: Red de Sociedades Científicas Médicas de Venezuela.
Claeys, W. L., Verraes, C., Cardoen, S., De Bock, J., Huyghebaert, A., Raes, K., and Herman, L. (2014). Consumption of raw or heated milk from different species: An evaluation of the nutritional and potential health benefits. Food Control, 42, 188-201.
COVENIN. (Comisión Venezolana de Normas Industriales) (1993). Leche Cruda. Norma Venezolana 903. Caracas: Covenin.
COVENIN. (Comisión Venezolana de Normas Industriales) (2003). Queso de pasta hilada. Norma Venezolana 3822. Caracas: Covenin.
Davidson, R., Sprung, D., Park, C., Rayman, M. (1989). Occurrence of Listeria monocytogenes, Campylobacter spp. and Yersinia enterocolitica in Manitoba raw milk. Canadian Institute of Food Science and Technology Journal, 22(1), 70-74.
Donkor, E.S., Aning, K.G., y Guaye, J. (2007). Bacterial contaminations of informally marketed raw milk in Ghana. Ghana Medical Journal, 41(2): 58-61.
Doyle, M.P. and Roman, D.J. (1982) Prevalence and survival of Campylobacter jejuni in unpasteurized milk. Applied and environmental microbiology; 44(5):1154-1158.
Faría-Reyes, J., Valero-Leal, K., D Pool, G., Urdaneta, G., y Cagnasso, M. (2005). Sensibilidad a los agentes antimicrobianos de algunos patógenos mastitogénicos aislados de leche de cuartos de bovinos mestizos doble propósito. Revista Científica, Vol. XV (3): 227-234.
Farrokh, C., Jordan, K., Auvray, F., Glass, K., Oppegaard, H., Raynaud, S. and Heggum, K. (2013). Review of Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and their significance in dairy production. International journal of food microbiology, 162(2), 190-212.
Fedio, W. and Jackson, H. (1990). Incidence of Listeria monocytogenes in raw bulk milk in Alberta. Canadian Institute of Food Science and Technology Journal, 23(4), 236-238.
Fernandes, A.M., Balasegaram, S., Willis, C., Wimalarathna, H.M., Maiden, M.C., and Mc Carthy, N.D. (2015). Partial failure of milk pasteurization as a risk for the transmission of Campylobacter from cattle to humans. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 61(6): 903-909.
Friedman, C. R; Neimann, J.; Wegener, H.C., Tauxe, R.V. (2000). Epidemiology of Campylobacter jejuni infections in the United States and other industrialized nations. Campylobacter. (2nd Ed. Vol. II/6, pp. 121-138). Washington, USA: ASM International.
Garedew, L., Berhanu, A., Mengesha, D., and Tsegay, G. (2012). Identification of gram-negative bacteria from critical control points of raw and pasteurized cow milk consumed at Gondar town and its suburbs, Ethiopia. BMC Public Health, 12(1), 950-957.
Gudmundson, J. y Chirino‐Trejo, J. M. (1993). A case of bovine mastitis caused by Campylobacter jejuni. Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Series B, 40(1‐10), 326-328.
Hassan, L., Mohammed, H., Mc Donough, P.and Gonzalez, R. (2000). A cross-sectional study on the prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella in New York dairy herds. Journal of dairy science, 83(11), 2441-2447.
Jayarao, B.M., and Henning, D.R. (2001). Prevalence of foodborne pathogens in bulk tank milk. Journal of Dairy Science, 84(10), 2157-2162.
Keyword SEO tools and images suggestions (2017). Image Gallery: La Leche. Recuperado de: http://keywordsuggest.org/gallery/1276279.html
Lovett, J., Francis, D. W., and Hunt, J M. (1983). Isolation of Campylobacter jejuni from raw milk. Applied and environmental microbiology, 46(2), 459-462.
Lovett J., Francis D. W. and Hunt J. M. (1987) Listeria monocytogenes in raw milk: detection, incidence, and pathogenicity. J Food Prot; 50: 188-192.
Luigi, T., Rojas, L., y Valbuena, O. (2013). Evaluación de la calidad higiénico-sanitaria de leche cruda y pasteurizada expendida en el estado Carabobo, Venezuela. Salus, 17(1), 25-33.
Mahrous, H., El Attar, A., Sameh, A., and El Soda, M. (2014). The Milk Borne Pathogens of Raw Milk from Some Egyptian Farms in Different Seasons. British Microbiology Research Journal, 4(3), 317.
Mc Ewen, S., Martin, S., Clarke, R., and Tamblyn, E. (1988). A prevalence survey of Salmonella in raw milk in Ontario, 1986-87. Journal of Food Protection, 51(12), 963-970.
Mc Manus, C y Lanier, J. M. (1987). Salmonella, Campylobacter jejuni, and Yersinia enterocolitica in raw milk. Journal of Food Protection, 50(1), 51-55.
Magariños, H. (2000). Producción higiénica de la leche cruda. Guatemala: Producción y Servicios Incorporados S.A, pp 1-95.
Murinda, S., Nguyen, L., Ivey, S., Gillespie, B., Almeida, R., Draughon, F., and Oliver, S. (2002). Molecular characterization of Salmonella spp. isolated from bulk tank milk and cull dairy cow fecal samples. Journal of food protection, 65(7), 1100-1105.
Muraoka, W., Gay, C., Knowles, D., and Borucki, M. (2003). Prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes subtypes in bulk milk of the Pacific Northwest. Journal of food protection, 66(8), 1413-1419.
Oliver, S.P., Jayarao, B.M., and Almeida, R.A. (2005a). Foodborne pathogens in milk and the dairy farm environment: food safety and public health implications. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 2(2), 115-129.
Oliver, S.P., Jayarao, B.M., y Almeida, R.A. (2005b). Foodborne pathogens, mastitis, milk quality, and dairy food safety. In NMC Annual Meeting Proceedings, 3-27.
Ombui, J.N., Arimi, S.M., and Kayihura, M. (1992). Raw milk as a source of enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus and enterotoxins in consumer milk. East African Medical Journal, 69(3), 123-125.
Orr, K.E., Lightfoot, N.F., Sisson, P.R., Harkis, B.A., Tweddle, J.L., Boyd, P., and Freeman, R. (1995). Direct milk excretion of Campylobacter jejuni in a dairy cow causing cases of human enteritis. Epidemiology and infection, 114(01), 15-24.
Paton, A.W., y Paton, J.C. (1998). Detection and Characterization of Shiga Toxigenic Escherichia coli by Using Multiplex PCR Assays forstx 1, stx 2, eae A, Enterohemorrhagic E. coli hlyA, rfb O111, andrfb O157. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 36(2), 598-602.
Ramos, J.G. (2012). Recuento de Staphylococcus aureus y detección de enterotoxinas estafilocócicas en queso blanco venezolano artesanal tipo “telita” expendido en mercados de la ciudad de Caracas. Revista de la Sociedad Venezolana de Microbiología, 32(2), 112-115.
Rohrbach, R.W., Draughon F.A., Davidson P.M., and Oliver, S.P. (1992). Prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes, Campylobacter jejuni, Yersinia enterocolitica and Salmonella in bulk tank milk: risk factors and risk of human exposure. J. Food Prot. 55:93–97.
Steele, M., Mc Nab, W., Poppe, C., Griffiths, M., Chen, S., Degrandis, S., y Odumeru, J. A. (1997). Survey of Ontario bulk tank raw milk for food-borne pathogens. Journal of Food Protection, 60(11), 1341-1346.
Van Kessel, J. S., Karns, J. S., Gorski, L., Mc Cluskey, B. J., and Perdue, M. L. (2004). Prevalence of Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, and fecal coliforms in bulk tank milk on US dairies. Journal of Dairy Science, 87(9), 2822-2830.
Vilar, M. J., Rodríguez-Otero, J. L., Sanjuán, M. L., Diéguez, F. J., Varela, M., Yus, E., and Schobesberger, H. (2011). Implementation of HACCP in dairy cattle farms to control the milk quality. In J. Köfer and HSchobesberger (Ed.) Animal hygiene and sustainable livestock production. Proceedings of the XVth International Congress of the International Society for Animal Hygiene, Volume 3. (pp. 1385-1387). Tribun EU.
Waak, E., Tham, W., and Danielsson-Tham, M. (2002). Prevalence and fingerprinting of Listeria monocytogenes strains isolated from raw whole milk in farm bulk tanks and in dairy plant receiving tanks. Applied and environmental microbiology, 68(7), 3366-3370.
Warnick, L.D., Crofton, L.M., Pelzer, K.D., and Hawkins, M.J. (2001). Risk factors for clinical salmonellosis in Virginia, USA cattle herds. PreventiveVeterinary Medicine, 49(3), 259-275.
White, F.M., and Mc Carthy, M.E. (1982). Raw milk and health in humans. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 126(11), 1260.
Zeinhom, M.M., and Abdel-Latef, G.K. (2014). Public health risk of some milk borne pathogens. Beni-Suef University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 3(3), 209-215.
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2017-06-01
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Rosales-Zambrano, D., & Garcia-Lugo, P. (2017). La O leite de vaca e suas implicações na transmissão de doenças infecciosas. Ágora De Heterodoxias, 3(1), 132-153. Recuperado de https://revistas.uclave.org/index.php/agora/article/view/197
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