Abortion by Neospora caninum in bovine herds of CARORA breed in Venezuela
Keywords:
abortion, Bovines, Fetus, Neospora caninum, seropositivityAbstract
Neospora caninum is an intracellular protozoan parasite considered nowadays as one of the main causes of cattle abortion in systems of milk and meat production around the world. In Venezuela few studies have been made in which is related the occurrence of abortion, seropositivity and the confirmed infection by Neospora caninum in aborted fetus through molecular biology techniques. The goal of this study was to evaluate the seropositivity against Neospora caninum in different farms of Carora breed in Venezuela, and to determine its relation with the occurrence of abortions caused by this etiologic agent, diagnosed through molecular and histological studies of aborted fetuses in those farms. The six herds analyzed showed an animal with antibodies against Neospora caninum with a total positivity of 28.1%. The evaluation of aborted fetuses through histological techniques and specific PCR for Neospora caninum allowed confirming the parasite as cause of abortion in those farms. Finally, the results confirm the importance of neosporosis in Venezuela, and the data obtained sustains the inclusion of this disease in the diagnosis of diseases that occurs with abortion in Venezuela, and the application of control measures.
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References
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Anderson M., Palmer C., Thurmond M., Picanso J., Blanchard P., Breitmeyer R., Layton A, McAllister M., Daft B., Kinde H. (1995). “Evaluation of abortions in cattle attributable to neosporosis in selected dairy herds in California”. Journal of American Veterinary Medicine Association. 207(9):1206-10.
Bartels C., Arnaiz-Seco J., Ruiz-Santa-Quitera A., Björkman C., Frössling J., von Blumröder D., Conraths F., Schares G., van Maanen C., Wouda W., Ortega-Mora L. (2006). “Supranational comparison of Neospora caninum seroprevalences in cattle in Germany, The Netherlands, Spain and Sweden”. Veterinary Parasitology. 137(1-2):17-27.
Bartels C., van Maanen C., van der Meulen A., Dijkstra T., Wouda W. (2005). “Evaluation of three enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for detection of antibodies to Neospora caninum in bulk milk”. Vetererinarian Parasitology.131(3-4):235-46.
Basso W., Venturini L., Venturini M., Hill D., Kwok O., Shen S., Dubey J. (2001). “First isolation of Neospora caninum from the feces of a naturally infected dog”. Journal of Parasitology. 87(3):612-8.
Bjerkås I. y Presthus J. (1989). “The neuropathology in toxoplasmosis-like infection caused by a newly recognized cyst-forming sporozoon in dogs”. APMISH.
BLAST. (2011). “Basic Local Alignment Search Tool. A tool for comparing an amino acid or nucleotide sequence to an entire sequence library, identifying regions of high sequence similarity”. https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi.
Buxton D., McAllister M., Dubey J. (2002). “The comparative pathogenesis of neosporosis”. Trends of Parasitolology. 18(12):546-52.
Corbellini L., Pescador C., Frantz F., Wunder E., Steffen D., Smith D., Driemeier D. (2006). “Diagnostic survey of bovine abortion with special reference to Neospora caninum infection: importance, repeated abortion and concurrent infection in aborted fetuses in Southern Brazil”. Veterinary Journal. 172(1):114-20.
Dubey J., Hattel A., Lindsay D. y Topper M. (1988). “Neonatal Neospora caninum infection in dogs: isolation of the causative agent and experimental transmission”. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 193(10):1259-63.
Dubey J. y Lindsay S. (1996). “A review of Neospora caninum and neosporosis”. Veterinary Parasitology. 67(1-2):1-59.
Dubey J. (1999). “Neosporosis the first decade of research.” International Journal for Parasitology, 29(10):1485-1488.
Dubey J. (2003). “Neosporosis in cattle”. Journal of Parasitology. 89:S42- S56.
Dubey J. (2005). “Neosporosis in cattle”. Veterinary Clinical of North America: Food Animal Practice. 21(2):473-83.
Dubey J., Sreekumar C., Knickman E., Miska K., Vianna M., Kwok O., Hill D., Jenkins M., Lindsay D., Greene C. (2004). “Biologic, morphologic, and molecular characterisation of Neospora caninum isolates from littermate dogs”. International Journal of Parasitology. 34(10):1157-67
Dubey J. y Schares G. (2006). “Diagnosis of bovine neosporosis”. Veterinary Parasitology. 140(1-2):1-34.
Dubey J., Schares G., Ortega-Mora L. (2007). “Epidemiology and control of neosporosis and Neospora caninum”. Clinical Microbiology Review. 20(2):323-67.
Escalona J., García F., Mosquera O., Vargas F., Corro A. (2010). “Factores de riesgo asociados a la prevalencia de Neosporosis Bovina en el municipio Bolívar del estado Yaracuy, Venezuela”. Zootecnia Tropical. 28(2): 201-212.
Fernández J. (2004). “Seropositividad de la Neosporosis bovina en fincas ganaderas de la región de Tucacas, estado Falcón” (tesis de maestría). Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Central de Venezuela. Maracay, Estado Aragua, Venezuela.
Ghalmi F., China B., Kaidi R., Losson B. (2011). “Neospora caninum is associated with abortion in Algerian cattle”. Journal Parasitology. 97(6):1121-1124.
Gondim L. (2006). “Neospora caninum in wildlife”. Trends in Parasitology. 22(6):247-52.
Jensen A., Björkman C., Kjeldsen A., Wedderkopp A., Willadsen C., Uggla A., Lind P. (1999). “Associations of Neospora caninum seropositivity with gestation number and pregnancy outcome in Danish dairy herds”. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 40(3-4):151-163.
Kaufmann H., Yamage M., Roditi I., Dobbelaere D., Dubey J., Holmdahl O., Trees A., Gottstein B. (1996). “Discrimination of Neospora caninum from Toxoplasma gondii and other apicomplexan parasites by hybridization and PCR”. Molecular and Cellular Probes. 10 (4):289-297.
Larkin E., Morris N., Li Y., Nock N., Stein C. (2007). “Comparison of affected sibling-pair linkage methods to identify gene x gene interaction in GAW15 simulated data”. BMC Proceedings. 1 Suppl 1:S66.
León E., Guillén A., Aragort W., García F., Morales G., Pino L., Sandoval E. y Balestrini C. (2007). “Limitaciones parasitológicas en rebaños doble propósito del municipio San José de Guaribe (Estado Guárico) y sur del Estado Aragua”. Espinoza y Domínguez (Eds.). I Simposio Tecnologías Apropiadas para la Ganadería de los Llanos de Venezuela, Capítulo III. 177-194.
Liddell S., Jenkins M., Dubey J. (1999). “A competitive PCR assay for quantitative detection of N. caninum”. International Journal for Parasitology. 29(10):1583-1588.
Linarez N., Álvarez G., Mendoza C., Matheus, N. (2016). “Presencia de anticuerpos séricos contra Neospora caninum en un rebaño bovino del estado Lara-Venezuela”. Revista del Colegio de Médicos Veterinarios del Estado Lara. 11(1):24-30.
Lindsay D., Lenz S., Blagburn B., Brake D. (1999). “Characterization of temperature-sensitive strains of Neospora caninum in mice”. Journal of Parasitology. 85(1):64-67.
Lista-Alves D., Palomares-Naveda R., Garcia F., Obando C., Arrieta D., Hoet A. (2006). “Serological evidence of Neospora caninum in dual-purpose cattle herds in Venezuela”. Veterinary Parasitology. 136(3-4):347-349.
López-Gatius F., Santolaria P., Yániz J., Garbayo J., Almería S. (2005). “The use of beef bull semen reduced the risk of abortion in N. caninum-seropositive dairy cows”. Journal of Vetererinary Medicine. 52:88-92.
McAllister M. (2016). “Diagnosis and Control of Bovine Neosporosis”. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice. 32(2):443-63.
McGarry J., Stockton C., Williams D., Trees A. (2003). “Protracted shedding of oocysts of Neospora caninum by a naturally infected foxhound”. Journal of Parasitology. 89(3):628-630.
McInnes L., Ryan U., O'Handley R., Sager H., Forshaw D., Palmer D. (2006). “Diagnostic significance of Neospora caninum DNA detected by PCR in cattle serum”. Veterinary Parasitology. 142(3-4):207-13.
Moore D., Campero C., Odeón A., Posso M., Cano D, Leunda M., Basso W., Venturini M., Späth E. (2002). “Seroepidemiology of beef and dairy herds and fetal study of Neospora caninum in Argentina”. Veterinary Parasitology. 107(4):303-316.
Obando C., Bracamonte M., Montoya A. y Cadenas V. (2010). “Neospora caninum en un rebaño lechero y su asociación con el aborto”. Revista Científica FCV-LUZ. 20(3):235-239.
Pabón M., López-Gatius F., García-Ispierto I., Bech-Sàbat G., Nogareda C., Almería S. (2007). “Chronic Neospora caninum infection and repeat abortion in dairy cows: a 3-year study”. Veterinary Parasitology. 147(1-2):40-46.
Paré J., Thurmond M., Hietala S. (1997). “Neospora caninum antibodies in cows during pregnancy as a predictor of congenital infection and abortion”. Journal Parasitology. 83(1): 82-87.
Pitel P., Pronost S., Chatagnon G., Tainturier D., Fortier G., Ballet J. (2001). “Neosporosis in bovine dairy herds from the west of France: detection of Neospora caninum DNA in aborted fetuses, seroepidemiology of N. caninum in cattle and dogs”. Veterinarian Parasitology. 102(4):269-277.
Romero J., Breda S., Vargas B., Dolz G., Frankena K. (2005). “Effect of neosporosis on productive and reproductive performance of dairy cattle in Costa Rica”. Theriogenology. 64(9):1928-39.
Sartor I., A. Garcia, L., Vianna, E., Pituco V., Sartor R. (2005). “Ocorrência de anticorpos anti-Neospora caninum em bovinos leiteiros e de corte da região de Presidente Prudente, SP”. Arquivo-s Do Instituto Biologico. 72(4):13–418.
Schares G., Rauser M., Zimmer K., Peters M., Wurm R., Dubey J., De Graaf D., Edelhofer R., Mertens C., Hess G., Conraths F. (1999). “Serological differences in Neospora caninum associated epidemic and endemic abortions”. Journal of Parasitology. 85(4):688-694.
Schares G., Bärwald A., Staubach C., Ziller M., Klöss D., Wurm R., Rauser M., Labohm R., Dräger K., Fasen W., Hess R., Conraths F. (2003). “Regional distribution of bovine Neospora caninum infection in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate modelled by Logistic regression”. International Journal for Parasitology. 33(14):1631-40.
Schares G., Bärwald A., Staubach C., Wurm R., Rauser M., Conraths F., Schroeder C. (2004). “Adaptation of a commercial ELISA for the detection of antibodies against Neospora caninum in bovine milk”. Veterinary Parasitology. 120(1-2):55-63.
Thilsted J., Dubey J. (1989). “Neosporosis-like abortions in a herd of dairy cattle”. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 1(3):205-9.
Trees A. y Williams D. (2005). “Endogenous and exogenous transplacental infection in Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii”. Trends in Parasitology. 21(12):558-61.
Von Blumröder D., Schares G., Norton R., Williams D., Esteban-Redondo I., Wright S., Björkman C., Frössling J., Risco-Castillo V., Fernández-García A., Ortega-Mora L., Sager H., Hemphill A., Van Maanen C., Wouda W., Conraths F. (2004). “Comparison and standardisation of serological methods for the diagnosis of Neospora caninum infection in bovines”. Veterinary Parasitology. 120(1-2):11-22.
Wouda W., Bartels C., Moen A. (1999). “Characteristics of Neospora caninum-associated abortion storms in diary herds in The Netherlands (1995 to 1997)”. Theriogenology. 52(2):233-45.
Wouda W., Brinkhof J., Van Maanen C., De Gee A., Moen A. (1998). “Serodiagnosis of neosporosis in individual cows and dairy herds: A comparative study of three enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays”. Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory of Immunology. 5(5):711-6.
Yamage M., Flechtner O., Gottstein B. (1996). “Neospora caninum: specific oligonucleotide primers for the detection of brain "cyst" DNA of experimentally infected nude mice by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)”. Journal of Parasitology. 82(2):272-279
Yao L., Yang N., Liu Q., Wang M., Zhang W., Qian W., Hu Y., Ding J. (2009). “Detection of Neospora caninum in aborted bovine fetuses and dam blood samples by nested PCR and ELISA and seroprevalence in Beijing and Tianjin, China”. Parasitology. 136(11):1251-1256.
Anderson M., Palmer C., Thurmond M., Picanso J., Blanchard P., Breitmeyer R., Layton A, McAllister M., Daft B., Kinde H. (1995). “Evaluation of abortions in cattle attributable to neosporosis in selected dairy herds in California”. Journal of American Veterinary Medicine Association. 207(9):1206-10.
Bartels C., Arnaiz-Seco J., Ruiz-Santa-Quitera A., Björkman C., Frössling J., von Blumröder D., Conraths F., Schares G., van Maanen C., Wouda W., Ortega-Mora L. (2006). “Supranational comparison of Neospora caninum seroprevalences in cattle in Germany, The Netherlands, Spain and Sweden”. Veterinary Parasitology. 137(1-2):17-27.
Bartels C., van Maanen C., van der Meulen A., Dijkstra T., Wouda W. (2005). “Evaluation of three enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for detection of antibodies to Neospora caninum in bulk milk”. Vetererinarian Parasitology.131(3-4):235-46.
Basso W., Venturini L., Venturini M., Hill D., Kwok O., Shen S., Dubey J. (2001). “First isolation of Neospora caninum from the feces of a naturally infected dog”. Journal of Parasitology. 87(3):612-8.
Bjerkås I. y Presthus J. (1989). “The neuropathology in toxoplasmosis-like infection caused by a newly recognized cyst-forming sporozoon in dogs”. APMISH.
BLAST. (2011). “Basic Local Alignment Search Tool. A tool for comparing an amino acid or nucleotide sequence to an entire sequence library, identifying regions of high sequence similarity”. https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi.
Buxton D., McAllister M., Dubey J. (2002). “The comparative pathogenesis of neosporosis”. Trends of Parasitolology. 18(12):546-52.
Corbellini L., Pescador C., Frantz F., Wunder E., Steffen D., Smith D., Driemeier D. (2006). “Diagnostic survey of bovine abortion with special reference to Neospora caninum infection: importance, repeated abortion and concurrent infection in aborted fetuses in Southern Brazil”. Veterinary Journal. 172(1):114-20.
Dubey J., Hattel A., Lindsay D. y Topper M. (1988). “Neonatal Neospora caninum infection in dogs: isolation of the causative agent and experimental transmission”. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 193(10):1259-63.
Dubey J. y Lindsay S. (1996). “A review of Neospora caninum and neosporosis”. Veterinary Parasitology. 67(1-2):1-59.
Dubey J. (1999). “Neosporosis the first decade of research.” International Journal for Parasitology, 29(10):1485-1488.
Dubey J. (2003). “Neosporosis in cattle”. Journal of Parasitology. 89:S42- S56.
Dubey J. (2005). “Neosporosis in cattle”. Veterinary Clinical of North America: Food Animal Practice. 21(2):473-83.
Dubey J., Sreekumar C., Knickman E., Miska K., Vianna M., Kwok O., Hill D., Jenkins M., Lindsay D., Greene C. (2004). “Biologic, morphologic, and molecular characterisation of Neospora caninum isolates from littermate dogs”. International Journal of Parasitology. 34(10):1157-67
Dubey J. y Schares G. (2006). “Diagnosis of bovine neosporosis”. Veterinary Parasitology. 140(1-2):1-34.
Dubey J., Schares G., Ortega-Mora L. (2007). “Epidemiology and control of neosporosis and Neospora caninum”. Clinical Microbiology Review. 20(2):323-67.
Escalona J., García F., Mosquera O., Vargas F., Corro A. (2010). “Factores de riesgo asociados a la prevalencia de Neosporosis Bovina en el municipio Bolívar del estado Yaracuy, Venezuela”. Zootecnia Tropical. 28(2): 201-212.
Fernández J. (2004). “Seropositividad de la Neosporosis bovina en fincas ganaderas de la región de Tucacas, estado Falcón” (tesis de maestría). Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Central de Venezuela. Maracay, Estado Aragua, Venezuela.
Ghalmi F., China B., Kaidi R., Losson B. (2011). “Neospora caninum is associated with abortion in Algerian cattle”. Journal Parasitology. 97(6):1121-1124.
Gondim L. (2006). “Neospora caninum in wildlife”. Trends in Parasitology. 22(6):247-52.
Jensen A., Björkman C., Kjeldsen A., Wedderkopp A., Willadsen C., Uggla A., Lind P. (1999). “Associations of Neospora caninum seropositivity with gestation number and pregnancy outcome in Danish dairy herds”. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 40(3-4):151-163.
Kaufmann H., Yamage M., Roditi I., Dobbelaere D., Dubey J., Holmdahl O., Trees A., Gottstein B. (1996). “Discrimination of Neospora caninum from Toxoplasma gondii and other apicomplexan parasites by hybridization and PCR”. Molecular and Cellular Probes. 10 (4):289-297.
Larkin E., Morris N., Li Y., Nock N., Stein C. (2007). “Comparison of affected sibling-pair linkage methods to identify gene x gene interaction in GAW15 simulated data”. BMC Proceedings. 1 Suppl 1:S66.
León E., Guillén A., Aragort W., García F., Morales G., Pino L., Sandoval E. y Balestrini C. (2007). “Limitaciones parasitológicas en rebaños doble propósito del municipio San José de Guaribe (Estado Guárico) y sur del Estado Aragua”. Espinoza y Domínguez (Eds.). I Simposio Tecnologías Apropiadas para la Ganadería de los Llanos de Venezuela, Capítulo III. 177-194.
Liddell S., Jenkins M., Dubey J. (1999). “A competitive PCR assay for quantitative detection of N. caninum”. International Journal for Parasitology. 29(10):1583-1588.
Linarez N., Álvarez G., Mendoza C., Matheus, N. (2016). “Presencia de anticuerpos séricos contra Neospora caninum en un rebaño bovino del estado Lara-Venezuela”. Revista del Colegio de Médicos Veterinarios del Estado Lara. 11(1):24-30.
Lindsay D., Lenz S., Blagburn B., Brake D. (1999). “Characterization of temperature-sensitive strains of Neospora caninum in mice”. Journal of Parasitology. 85(1):64-67.
Lista-Alves D., Palomares-Naveda R., Garcia F., Obando C., Arrieta D., Hoet A. (2006). “Serological evidence of Neospora caninum in dual-purpose cattle herds in Venezuela”. Veterinary Parasitology. 136(3-4):347-349.
López-Gatius F., Santolaria P., Yániz J., Garbayo J., Almería S. (2005). “The use of beef bull semen reduced the risk of abortion in N. caninum-seropositive dairy cows”. Journal of Vetererinary Medicine. 52:88-92.
McAllister M. (2016). “Diagnosis and Control of Bovine Neosporosis”. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice. 32(2):443-63.
McGarry J., Stockton C., Williams D., Trees A. (2003). “Protracted shedding of oocysts of Neospora caninum by a naturally infected foxhound”. Journal of Parasitology. 89(3):628-630.
McInnes L., Ryan U., O'Handley R., Sager H., Forshaw D., Palmer D. (2006). “Diagnostic significance of Neospora caninum DNA detected by PCR in cattle serum”. Veterinary Parasitology. 142(3-4):207-13.
Moore D., Campero C., Odeón A., Posso M., Cano D, Leunda M., Basso W., Venturini M., Späth E. (2002). “Seroepidemiology of beef and dairy herds and fetal study of Neospora caninum in Argentina”. Veterinary Parasitology. 107(4):303-316.
Obando C., Bracamonte M., Montoya A. y Cadenas V. (2010). “Neospora caninum en un rebaño lechero y su asociación con el aborto”. Revista Científica FCV-LUZ. 20(3):235-239.
Pabón M., López-Gatius F., García-Ispierto I., Bech-Sàbat G., Nogareda C., Almería S. (2007). “Chronic Neospora caninum infection and repeat abortion in dairy cows: a 3-year study”. Veterinary Parasitology. 147(1-2):40-46.
Paré J., Thurmond M., Hietala S. (1997). “Neospora caninum antibodies in cows during pregnancy as a predictor of congenital infection and abortion”. Journal Parasitology. 83(1): 82-87.
Pitel P., Pronost S., Chatagnon G., Tainturier D., Fortier G., Ballet J. (2001). “Neosporosis in bovine dairy herds from the west of France: detection of Neospora caninum DNA in aborted fetuses, seroepidemiology of N. caninum in cattle and dogs”. Veterinarian Parasitology. 102(4):269-277.
Romero J., Breda S., Vargas B., Dolz G., Frankena K. (2005). “Effect of neosporosis on productive and reproductive performance of dairy cattle in Costa Rica”. Theriogenology. 64(9):1928-39.
Sartor I., A. Garcia, L., Vianna, E., Pituco V., Sartor R. (2005). “Ocorrência de anticorpos anti-Neospora caninum em bovinos leiteiros e de corte da região de Presidente Prudente, SP”. Arquivo-s Do Instituto Biologico. 72(4):13–418.
Schares G., Rauser M., Zimmer K., Peters M., Wurm R., Dubey J., De Graaf D., Edelhofer R., Mertens C., Hess G., Conraths F. (1999). “Serological differences in Neospora caninum associated epidemic and endemic abortions”. Journal of Parasitology. 85(4):688-694.
Schares G., Bärwald A., Staubach C., Ziller M., Klöss D., Wurm R., Rauser M., Labohm R., Dräger K., Fasen W., Hess R., Conraths F. (2003). “Regional distribution of bovine Neospora caninum infection in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate modelled by Logistic regression”. International Journal for Parasitology. 33(14):1631-40.
Schares G., Bärwald A., Staubach C., Wurm R., Rauser M., Conraths F., Schroeder C. (2004). “Adaptation of a commercial ELISA for the detection of antibodies against Neospora caninum in bovine milk”. Veterinary Parasitology. 120(1-2):55-63.
Thilsted J., Dubey J. (1989). “Neosporosis-like abortions in a herd of dairy cattle”. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 1(3):205-9.
Trees A. y Williams D. (2005). “Endogenous and exogenous transplacental infection in Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii”. Trends in Parasitology. 21(12):558-61.
Von Blumröder D., Schares G., Norton R., Williams D., Esteban-Redondo I., Wright S., Björkman C., Frössling J., Risco-Castillo V., Fernández-García A., Ortega-Mora L., Sager H., Hemphill A., Van Maanen C., Wouda W., Conraths F. (2004). “Comparison and standardisation of serological methods for the diagnosis of Neospora caninum infection in bovines”. Veterinary Parasitology. 120(1-2):11-22.
Wouda W., Bartels C., Moen A. (1999). “Characteristics of Neospora caninum-associated abortion storms in diary herds in The Netherlands (1995 to 1997)”. Theriogenology. 52(2):233-45.
Wouda W., Brinkhof J., Van Maanen C., De Gee A., Moen A. (1998). “Serodiagnosis of neosporosis in individual cows and dairy herds: A comparative study of three enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays”. Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory of Immunology. 5(5):711-6.
Yamage M., Flechtner O., Gottstein B. (1996). “Neospora caninum: specific oligonucleotide primers for the detection of brain "cyst" DNA of experimentally infected nude mice by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)”. Journal of Parasitology. 82(2):272-279
Yao L., Yang N., Liu Q., Wang M., Zhang W., Qian W., Hu Y., Ding J. (2009). “Detection of Neospora caninum in aborted bovine fetuses and dam blood samples by nested PCR and ELISA and seroprevalence in Beijing and Tianjin, China”. Parasitology. 136(11):1251-1256.
Published
2017-12-01
How to Cite
Linarez-Alvarez, N., Mata-Silva, E., & Alméria de la Merced, S. (2017). Abortion by Neospora caninum in bovine herds of CARORA breed in Venezuela. Ágora De Heterodoxias, 3(2), 112-127. Retrieved from https://revistas.uclave.org/index.php/agora/article/view/165
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