Effect of application frequency of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens endophyte on Moniliophthora roreri under field conditions

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.51372/bioagro372.8

Keywords:

Biological control, cacao, endophytic Bacillus, field, frosty pod rot

Abstract

The use of endophytic bacteria of the genus Bacillus as biocontrol agents against Moniliophthora roreri is presented as an environmentally effective option in agriculture. The objective was to evaluate the effect of the application of endophytic B. amyloliquefaciens against the causal agent of moniliasis in cocoa. The experiment was conducted in a 14-year-old cocoa plantation, under a 3 x 3 m frame, in a randomized complete block design, with three treatments (frequency of application: 15, 30 and 45 days) and five replications. During the 90 days of development at a biweekly frequency, incidence and external severity were evaluated on the pod. At harvest time, the pods were opened and the percentage of internal severity was determined. Also, endophytic colonization was determined. It was found that six applications of spore suspension had a biocontrol effect on M. roreri, with average incidence between 1.0 and 4.1 %, external severity between 1.8 and 8.5 %, internal severity between 5.9-6.3 % and endophytic colonization between 7.3-7.5 x 108CFU g-1 of plant tissue. The application of the bacteria, at a fortnightly frequency, had a biocontrol effect on M. roreri, with average incidence values between 1.0 and 4.1 %, external severity between 1.8 and 5.0 %, internal severity between 5.9-6.3 % and endophytic colonization between 7.3-7.5 x 108 CFU g-1 of plant tissue. The biweekly application frequency demonstrated a biocontrol effect on M. roreri due to its high capacity for endophytic colonization, without differences with the control, presenting itself as a biological alternative to reduce the effects caused by the moniliasis in cocoa agroecosystems. 

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Abo-Koura, H.A. 2023. Endophytic bacteria; diversity, characterization and role in agriculture. Journal of Basic & Applied Science19:116-130.

Ashwini, N. y S. Srividya. 2014. Potentiality of Bacillus subtilis as biocontrol agent for management of anthracnose disease of chilli caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides OGC. Biotech 4(2): 127-136.

Ciba-Geigy. 1981. Manual para ensayos de campo en protección vegetal. 2da Edición. Suiza. p.11-20.

Cobos, F., P Montero, J. Gómez e I. Pérez. 2024. Eficiencia de agentes antagónicos para el control de Moniliophthora roreri en el cultivo de cacao. Magazine De Las Ciencias: Revista De Investigación E Innovación 9(2): 16-29.

Cruz-Martín, M., L. Leyva, M. Acosta-Suárez, T. Pichardo, I. Bermúdez-Caraballoso y Y. Alvarado-Capó. 2021. Actividad antifúngica de Bacillusamyloliquefaciens contra Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense raza 1. Agronomía Mesoamericana 32(2): 466-478.

Daymond, A., D. Giraldo, P. Hadley y P. Bastide. 2022. A global guide to cocoa farming systems. Reading: University of Reading 35.

Espinosa, J., J. Moreno y G. Bernal. 2022. Suelos del Ecuador: Clasificación, uso y manejo. Instituto Geográfico Militar (IGM). Quito, Ecuador (capítulo 2), p. 45-103.

Estrella, E.E. y J.G. Cedeño. 2012. Medidas de control de bajo impacto ambiental para mitigar la monilasis (Moniliophthora roreri Cif y Par. Evans et al.) en cacao Hibrido Nacional x Trinitario en Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas. Trabajo de titulación de Ingeniero Agropecuario, Escuela Politécnica del Ejército, Santo Domingo, Ecuador, 139pp.

Fountain, A.C. 2022. Cocoa Barometer Living Income Compendium. The Cocoa Barometer Consortium. Available online at: https://voicenetwork.cc/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/220920-Cocoa-Barometer-Living-Income-Compendium.pdf

Gómez-de la Cruz, I., B. Chávez-Ramírez, C.H. Avendaño-Arrazate, Y.E. Morales-García, J. Muñoz-Rojas y P. Estrada-de los Santos. 2023. Optimization of Paenibacillussp. NMA1017 application as a biocontrol agent for Phytophthora tropicalis and Moniliophthora roreri in cacao-growing fields in Chiapas, Mexico. Plants 12: 2336.

Guapo, L.A., G. Virgen, C.V. Sánchez, M.J. Bermúdez, R. Ramírez y P.A. Palmeros.2024. Efectividad biológica de consorcios microbianos e inductores de resistencia contra Botrytis cinerea en fresa. Avances en Investigación Agropecuaria 28: 185-197.

Hoben H.J. y P. Somasegaran. 1982. Comparison of the pour, spread, and drop plate methods for enumeration of Rhizobium spp. In inoculants made from presterilized peatt. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 44(5): 1246-1247.

Hütz-Adams, F., P. Campos y A.C. Fountain. 2022. Latin America Baseline Cocoa Barometer, 2022. The Cocoa Barometer Consortium, 37. Available online at: https://voicenetwork.cc/wp-content/

Krauss, U., G.M. TenHoopen, E. Hidalgo, A. Martínez, T. Stirrup, C. Arroyo, J. García y M. Palacios. 2006. The effect of cane molasses amend menton biocontrol of frosty pod rot (Moniliophthora roreri) and blackpod (Phytophthora spp.) of cacao (Theobroma cacao) in Panama. Biological Control 39(2): 232-239.

Maldonado, C. 2015. Efecto del manejo en la reducción de incidencia de enfermedades (Moniliasis, escoba de bruja y mazorca negra) en el cultivo de cacao (Theobroma cacao L. en la Estación experimental de Sapecho. APTHAPI 1(1): 38-51.

Melnick, R.L., C. Suarez, B.A. Bailey y P.A. Backman. 2011. Isolation of endophytic endospore-forming bacteria from Theobroma cacao as potential biological control agents of cacao diseases. Biological Control 57(3): 236-245.

Muñoz, J. 2019. Control de Phytophthora palmivora en Theobroma cacao clon CCN-51 con fosetil aluminio, hidróxido de cobre y propineb en Satipo, Perú: UNCP. http://181.65.200.104/bitstream/handle/UNCP/5379/T010_46167706_T.pdf. (consulta de agosto, 2023).

Páez, P.P., A. Bernal, H.A. Castro, R.P. Castro y M.A. Vera. 2024. Bacillus endófitos como agentes de control biológico de Moniliophthora roreri en cacao bajo condiciones de campo. Bioagro 36(2): 325-334.

Pérez-García, A., D. Romero y A. de Vicente. 2011. Plant protection and growth stimulation by microorganisms: biotechnological applications of Bacilli in agriculture. Current Opinion in Biotechnology 22(2): 187-193.

Phillips-Mora, W y MJ Wilkinson. 2007. Frosty pod, a disease of limited geographic distribution but unlimited potential for damage. Phytopathology 97(12): 1644-1647.

Phillips-Mora, W., CF. Ortiz y MC. Aime. 2007. Fifty years of frosty pod rot in Central America: Chronology of its spread and impact from Panama to Mexico. En: Proceedings of the 15th International Cocoa Research Conference, San José, Costa Rica 1: 1039-1047.

Reiss, A. y L. Jorgensen. 2017. Biological control of yellow rust of wheat (Puccinia striiformis) with Serenade ASO (Bacillus subtilis strain QST 713). Crop Protection 93: 1-8.

Sánchez, L. 1982. Reacción de cultivares de cacao a la inoculación artificial con Monilia roreri .Tesis de Maestro en Ciencias. CATIE Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza, Costa Rica. 55 pp.

Sánchez, J., O. Brenes, W. Phillips y G. Enríquez. 1987. Methodology for inoculating pods whit the fungus Moniliophthora (Monilla) roreri. Proceedings of the Tenth International Cocoa Research Conference. Santo Domingo, Dominican Republican: Cocoa Producers Alliance. pp. 467-471.

Shoda, M. 2019.Biocontrol of plant diseases by Bacillus subtilis: Basic and practical applications. Boca Raton, Florida, 325p.

Solis, K., S. Peñaherrera y D. Vera. 2021. Las enfermedades del cacao y las buenas prácticas agronómicas para su manejo. Guía No 178. Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Estación Experimental Tropical Pichilingue. Mocache, provincia de Los Ríos. Ecuador. 20 p. https://repositorio.iniap.gob.ec/ handle/41000/5747.

Somarriba, E. y S. A López. 2018. Coffee and Cocoa Agroforestry Systems: Pathways to Deforestation, Reforestation, and Tree Cover Change. Washington, DC: LEAVES-The World Bank.

StatSoft, Inc. STATISTICA (data analysis software system), version 12. 2014, www.statsoft.com.

Suárez, C.C. 1993. Enfermedades del cacao y su control. In Manual del cultivo de cacao. Suárez, C. ed. 2ª. Ed. Quevedo, Ecuador. Estación Experimental Tropical Pichilingue INIAP. Manual técnico No. 25. pp. 90-106.

Townsend, G.R. y J.W. Heuberger. 1943. Methods for estimating losses caused by diseases in fungicide experiments. Plant Disease Report 27(17): 340-343.

Vera, M.A., A. Bernal, D. Vera, M. Leiva, A. Rivero y A.E.A. Vera. 2020. Antagonismo in vitro de bacterias endófitas formadoras de endosporas frente a Moniliophthora roreri H.C Evans et al. Revista de Protección Vegetal 35(2): 1-8.

Vera, M.A., A. Bernal, D. Vera., M. Leiva, A. Rivero y L. Morales. 2021a. Actividad antifúngica de compuestos volátiles producidos por especies endófitas de Bacillus sobre Moniliophthora roreri H.C Evans et al. Revista de Protección Vegetal 36(1): 1-6.

Vera, M.A., A. Bernal, D. Vera, M. Leiva, A. Rivero y L. Morales. 2021b. Árbol filogenético y diversidad de bacterias endófitas asociadas a Theobroma cacao L. en una zona de la provincia de Esmeraldas, Ecuador. Bioagro 33(3): 223-228.

Vera, M.A. 2023. Bacillus endófitos asociados a Theobroma cacao L., como agentes de biocontrol de Moniliophthora roreri H.C Evans et al. Tesis presentada en opción al grado científico de Doctor en Ciencias Agrícolas. Universidad Central “Marta Abreu” de Las Villas, Cuba, 90 pp.

Villamil, J., S. Viteri y W. Villegas. 2015. Aplicación de antagonistas para el control biológico de Moniliophthora roreri Cif & Par en Theobroma cacao L. bajo condiciones de campo. Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomía 68(1): 7441-7450.

Villarreal-Delgado, M.F., E.D. Villa-Rodríguez, L.A. Cira-Chávez, M.I. Estrada-Alvarado, F.I. Parra-Cota y S. De los Santos-Villalobos. 2017. The genus Bacillus as a biological control agent and its implications in the agricultural biosecurity. Revista Mexicana de Fitopatología 36(1): 95-130.

Published

2025-05-01

How to Cite

Bernal-Cabrera, A., Peñaherrera-Villafuerte, S. L., Espinoza-Roca, M. D., Rivadeneira Moreira, B. J., & Páez-Martínez, P. P. (2025). Effect of application frequency of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens endophyte on Moniliophthora roreri under field conditions. Bioagro, 37(2), 223-232. https://doi.org/10.51372/bioagro372.8

Issue

Section

Artículos